Preface
Acknowledgement
1. INTRODUCTION
Definition of Remote Sensing
Concept of Remote Sensing
Scope of Remote Sensing
Stages of Remote Sensing
Historic Perspective of Remote Sensing
Indian Remote Sensing Programme
The Earth Observation Evolution- The Paradigm Shift
Legal and Ethical Aspects of Remote Sensing
2. EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Polarization
Coherent Radiation
Source of Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic Radiation and Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Radiation Quantities
Thermal Emission of Radiation
Characteristics of Solar Radiant Energy
Interaction of EMR with Earth Surface
Reflection
3. PLATFORMS AND SENSORS
Platforms
Remote Sensing Sensors
Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV)
Resolution
Spatial Resolution
Spectral Resolution
Radiometric Resolution
Temporal Resolution
Across- Track Multi-spectral Scanning
Along-Track Multispectral Scanning
Optical Sensors
Thermal Sensors
Microwave Sensing Radar
4. FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIOMETRY
Surface Characteristics of Radiometric Measurements
Scene Reflectance Measurement
Radiometric Correction
From Satellite to Ground Radiance Atmospheric Corrections
5. IMAGE ENHANCEMENT AND VISUALIZATION
Perception of Colour
Tri-Stimuli Model
Colour Spaces
Red, Green and Blue Space
Intensity Hue Saturation
Yellow, Magenta, Cyan
Visualization of Image Data
Filter Operations
Colour Composites
6. PHYSICAL BASIS OF SIGNATURE
Signature in the Reflective OIR Region
Soils
Water Bodies/ Oceans
Snow
Thermal Infrared (TIR)
7. SATELLITE MISSIONS
LANDSAT Series of Satellites
MODIS and ASTER
SPOT Series of Satellites
IRS Satellite Series
IRS-P4 Oceansat-
RESOURCESAT-
IRS-P5 or CARTOSAT-
IKONOS
Future Indian Satellite Missions
CLIMATSAT /OCEANSAT-
8. PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Aerial Photographs
Geometry of Vertical Photograph
Principal Distance
Plumb Points
Tilt
Isocentres
Scale of Photograph
Image Displacements
Relief Displacement
Tilt Displacement
9. ELEMENTS OF IMAGE INTERPRETATION
Image Interpretation
Basic Principles of Image Interpretation
Factors Governing the Quality of an Image
Factors Governing Interpretability
Visibility of Objects
Inherent Characteristics of Objects
Quality of Aerial Photography/ Imagery
Tonal or Colour Contrast Between an Image and its Background 108
Image Sharpness Characteristics
Stereoscopic Parallax Characteristics
Elements of Image Interpretation
Techniques of Image Interpretation
Activities of Image interpretation
Scope of Image Interpretation Keys
Manner of Organization or Presentation of Image Interpretation
Keys
Methods of Search and Sequence of Interpretation
Sequence of Activities
Convergence of Evidence
Sensors in Photographic Image Interpretation
Method of Analysis and Reference Levels
Use of Multiple Images in Image Interpretation
10. VISUAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
Image Understanding and Image Interpretation
Application of Visual Image Interpretation
11. APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING IN
WEATHER AND CLIMATE
Remote Sensing of the Earth Weather
Circulation Patterns
Fronts, Trough and Ridges
Jet Streams
Extra-Tropical Cyclone Development:
Tropical Cyclones
Satellite Winds and Clouds
12. APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENTING IN
MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Sea Surface Temperature
Marine Fisheries
Wetland Management
Ramsar Convention
Remote Sensing for Wetlands Ecosystems
Wetland Inventory of India
13. APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENTING IN WATER
RESOURCES ASSESSMENT
Remote Sensing for Water Resource Assessment
Snow Studies
Glacial Investigations
Glacier Boundary
Accumulation Area
Ablation Area
Transient Snow Line/ Equilibrium Line
Moraine Dammed Glacier Lake
Permanent Snowfields
Glacial Mass Balance
Glacial Retreat
Assessment of Water Resources
Sub-surface Water
Shallow Land and Gravel Aquifers
14. APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING IN
AGRICULTURE
Prediction of Area Under Cultivation
Yield Forecasting
Empirical Regression Model
Remote Sensing with Other Parameters
Multiple In-session Crop Production Forecast
Precision Farming
Land Related Issues
Agriculture Resource Surveys: Soils Identification
Factors Influencing Interpretation of Soils
Soil Colour
Mineral Content
Organic Matter
Particle Size
Soil Texture
Structure and Surface Roughness
Soil Emissivity
Identification of Soils
Detailed and Semi Detailed Surveys
Reconnaissance Resource Surveys
Soil Moisture
Salinity
Insect and Diseases
Monitoring of Arid and Semi Arid Lands
15. APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENTING IN FOREST
RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
Forest Classification in India
Type and Density Mapping
Forest Cover Change
Forest Status in India
Land Cover and Land Use Mapping
Wastelands
Urban Sprawl
Mapping of Forestry Areas
Types of Imagery
16. APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENTING IN
DESERTIFICATION AND ITS CONTROL
Desertification Problems
Defining Desertification
Desertification Assessment and Mapping
Desertification Status in Arid Rajasthan and Gujarat
National Programme for Combating Desertification
Sand Dune Stabilization Programme
Shelterbelt Plantation
Soil and Water Conservation
Treatment of Water Logging, Salinity and Alkalinity Problems
Management of Permanent Pastures and Rangelands
Management of Arable Land
Agro-forestry
17. GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Understanding Geographical Information System
Defining Geographical Information System
Factors Aiding the Rise of GIS
Components of GIS
GIS Applications
18. FUNDAMENTALS OF MAPPING AND DIGITAL
CARTOGRAPHY, DIGITIZATION AND MAP
COMPILATION
Maps
Scale of Map
Co-ordinate Systems
Map Projections
Classification of Map Projection
Kind of Projections
Relevance to GIS
Representation of Geographical Data
Elements of Map
Classification of Maps
Digital Data Model
The Raster Data Model: Feature Presentation
Run-length Encoding in Raster Data Model
Vector Data Model
Vector Representation of Data
Attribute Data Management
Relational Database- Concepts and Model
19. DATA SOURCES FOR GEOGRAPHICAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM
Conventional Data Sources
Aerial Remote Sensing
Satellite Images
Field Data Sources: Surveying and Global Positioning System
Transfer of Data from Existing Digital Sources
20. DATA CAPTURE IN GEOGRAPHICAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM
Methods of Data Capture
Physical Extent
Resolution
Themes
Digitizing
Map Registration or Geo-referencing
Root Mean Square Error
Scanning
21. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
Various Segments of GPS
Space Segment
Observation Principle of Signal Structure
Structure of GPS Navigation Data
International Limitations of the System Accuracy
Control Segment
User Segment
Navigation Receivers
Applications of Geoinformatics
Exercises on Cartography, Remote Sensing, GIS
and GPS
Glossary of Geoinformatics
Bibliography